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10 Several of these groups conduct outreach to elected officials. Summaries of Chinese New Year and other galas regularly mention the presence of American officials or their representatives. The Philadelphia-based Shenzhen Chamber’s New Year’s party included a city council member and a county commissioner. A member of the House of Representatives from California has appeared at several events hosted by different organizations, including a January 2018 forum organized by the Wenzhou chamber that was subsequently featured prominently on the website of another United Front organization, the All America Chinese Youth Federation. In another instance, the former mayor of a California city attended a meeting hosted by a chamber welcoming a visiting Overseas Chinese affairs official from Hebei province. There is no reason to believe that any of these politicians are aware of the groups’ interactions with the Chinese party-state. See “美东深圳总商会、美东深圳联谊会携手中美交流协会举办中秋敬老联欢晚会.” 东南网. September 29, 2017. http://usa.fjsen.com/2017-09/29/content_20192454.htm; Ren, Richard. “美国温州总商会举办华人商会合作论坛 凝聚海外华商力量.” All America Chinese Youth Federation. January 27, 2018. http://www.aacyf.org/?p=8242; “河北海外联谊会代表团到访湾区，加州河北商会举办座谈会热烈欢迎.” 美国加州河北商会 (Silicon Valley-Hebei Chamber). November 21, 2017. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Xt1Cll2rsFsUsliuLHr9tw.

11 For example, in the United States, the Jiangsu chamber’s launch event in California was attended by a vice chair of the Provincial Standing Committee; a Shenzhen chamber’s launch event, also in California, was joined by Lin Jie of Guangdong Province’s United Front department; and in 2016, the California-based Guangdong chamber itself hosted a provincial Overseas Chinese Affairs department secretary. In China, the America-China Enterprise Chamber of Commerce met a provincial United Front official in Fujian in September 2017; a US-based Zhejiang chamber was received in Hangzhou by a provincial CPPCC vice chair who manages Overseas Chinese work; and the leader of the Inner Mongolia-chamber met with that province’s Overseas Chinese Association chair in 2016. See “美国江苏总商会成立.” Chinese American Federation. March 15, 2017. http://chinese-usa.org/新闻活动/新闻集锦/172-美国江苏总商会成立.html; “参加美国美东深圳总商会，美东深圳联谊会领导班子就职仪式.” 美篇. September 28, 2016. https://www.meipian.cn/6m9vy0p; “广东省侨办书记一行抵洛 侨胞热忱欢迎.” US-China Guangdong Chamber of Commerce. Accessed September 12, 2018. www.uscgcc.com/showactivity.asp?id=795; “美中企业总商会福建交流中心成立大会在厦门举行.” 东南网. September 20, 2017. usa.fjsen.com/2017-09/20/content_20152181.htm; “全美浙江总商会一行拜访浙江侨联 欲在浙落地高新项目.” 中国侨网. November 4, 2017. http://www.chinaqw.com/jjkj/2017/11-04/167171.shtml; “于忠霞的商业密码.” US News Express. September 2, 2017. http://www.usnewsexpress.com/archives/35405.

12 Ju, Sherry Fei and Charles Clover “China’s Diplomacy Budget Doubles under Xi Jinping.” Financial Times. March 6, 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/2c750f94-2123-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11.

13 Hanemann, Thilo and Daniel H. Rosen. “New Neighbors 2017 Update: Chinese FDI in the United States by Congressional District.” Rhodium Group. April 24, 2017. https://rhg.com/research/new-neighbors-2017-update-chinese-fdi-in-the-united-states-by-congressional-district.

14 Ibid.

15 Schmidt, Michael S., Keith Bradsher, and Christine Hauser. “US Panel Calls Huawei and ZTE ‘National Security Threat’.” New York Times, October 8, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/09/us/us-panel-calls-huawei-and-zte-national-security-threat.html.

16 Cave, Danielle. “The African Union Headquarters Hack and Australia’s 5G Network.” Strategist, July 13, 2018. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-african-union-headquarters-hack-and-australias-5g-network.

17 McKenzie, Nick. “China’s ZTE Was Built to Spy and Bribe, Court Documents Allege.” Sydney Morning Herald. June 1, 2018. https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/china-s-zte-was-built-to-spy-and-bribe-court-documents-allege-20180531-p4ziqd.html.

18 Woo, Stu, Dan Strumpf, and Betsy Morris. “Huawei, Seen as Possible Spy Threat, Boomed Despite US Warnings.” Wall Street Journal. January 8, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/huawei-long-seen-as-spy-threat-rolled-over-u-s-road-bumps-1515453829.

Section 7

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