This document appears to be page 153 of a book or academic essay discussing cognitive science and learning theories. It contrasts 'bottom-up' learning (associated with behavioral psychologists like Skinner and machine learning) with 'top-down' learning (associated with Plato, Descartes, and Chomsky). The author uses the example of detecting email spam—specifically distinguishing between obvious 'Nigerian' scams and more subtle predatory journal solicitations—to illustrate how prior abstract knowledge helps in pattern recognition.
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