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41 “首届华文传媒论坛将如期开幕 (The First Forum on the Global Chinese Language Media Opens as Scheduled).” China News Service. September 14, 2001. http://www.fcm.chinanews.com.cn/2001-09-14/2/91 .html.

42 Yang, Kaiqi. “78 位海外华文媒体负责人聚北京研修 (78 Executives of Overseas Chinese Language Media Gathers in Beijing for Seminar).” China News Service. May 11, 2015. http://www.chinanews.com/hr/2015/05 -11/7267777.shtml.

43 “北京奥组委在纽约召开华文媒体见面会 刘淇出席.” 新华网.” November 2, 2007. http://news.xinhuanet.com /sports/2007-11/02/content_6998448.htm.

44 Zhang, Qiaosu. “中国新闻社海外中心” (the China News Service Overseas Center).” Xinhua. November 2, 2007. August 26, 2016. http://news.xinhuanet.com/zgjx/2007-11/02/content_6998084.htm.

45 Interview with Peter Wang, publisher of New York edition of Vision Times.

46 Zhang, Chi. “WeChatting American Politics: Misinformation, Polarization, and Immigrant Chinese Media.” Tow Center for Digital Journalism. April 19, 2018. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports /wechatting-american-politics-misinformation-polarization-and-immigrant-chinese-media.php.

47 This has led some like Zhang to question whether or not WeChat is at least tacitly supporting the creation of fake news about the United States.

48 Yan, Dongsheng (翟东升). “外宣工作脱困.” IT 经理世界. July 5, 2006. http://www.ceocio.com.cn/12/93/148 /165/6876.html.

49 Li, Haiming. My 35 Years in CCTV. China Democracy & Rule of Law Publishing House. 2013.

50 James Peck.

51 Huang, Youyi (黄友义). “时代的创新 : 与美国合作出版的往事.” 中国网. November 2, 2009. http://www.china .com.cn/culture/zhuanti/wwj60n/2009-09/02/content_18450217.htm.

52 Gao, Charlotte. “Foreign Journalists in China Say Life Increasingly Harder in 2017.” Diplomat. February 3, 2018. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/foreign-journalists-in-china-say-life-increasingly-harder-in-2017.

53 Smith, Craig S. “The New York Times vs. the ‘Great Firewall’ of China.” New York Times. March 31, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/insider/the-new-york-times-vs-the-great-firewall-of-china.html.

54 Demick, Barbara. “The Times, Bloomberg News, and the Richest Man in China.” New Yorker. May 5, 2015. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-not-to-get-kicked-out-of-china.

55 “Bloomberg and the China Center for International Economic Exchanges (CCIEE) Announce . . .” PRNewswire. May 15, 2018. https://prn.to/2OCNvbR.

56 Interview with VOA staff.

57 As head of this VOA service, Sasha Gong pared down the budget for Cultural Odyssey and reapproved funding for more hard-hitting pieces on modern Chinese history and a program, Histories Mysteries, was started. With its reports on the famine during the Great Leap Forward, the suppression of the Falun Gong religious sect of 2001, and the June 4th crackdown on pro-democracy protesters of 1989, the program became popular among viewers in China. However, Gong’s time at the head of the service ended in 2017, after she and VOA management had a falling-out over an interview VOA was doing with Chinese billionaire dissident Guo Wengui. Gong had arranged the interview to air on VOA’s TV channel on April 19, 2017. VOA advertised the interview, which was going to be live, on its website beforehand. Prior to the interview, however, the Chinese government warned VOA’s correspondent in Beijing of serious repercussions should the interview air. Chinese embassy officials also contacted VOA in Washington threatening retribution. Despite concern from VOA’s management, Gong went ahead with the interview. While circumstances

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