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12 The Engineering and Development of Ethics

Table 12.1: Kohlberg's Stages of Development of the Ethics of Justice

Stage | Substages
Pre-Conventional | • Obedience and Punishment Orientation
| • Self-interest orientation
Conventional | • Interpersonal accord (conformity) orientation
| • Authority and social-order maintaining (law and order) orientation
Post-Conventional | • Social contract (human rights) orientation
| • Universal ethical principles (universal human rights) orientation

from formal and then reflexive thinking about ethics comes the post-conventional modalities of contractualism and universal mutual respect.

Table 12.2: Kohlberg's Stages of Development of Social Perspective and Interpersonal Morals

Stage of Social Perspective | Interpersonal Outlook
Blind egoism | No interpersonal perspective. Only self is considered.
Instrumental egoism | See that others have goals and perspectives, and either conform to or rebel against norms.
Social Relationships perspective | Able to see abstract normative systems
Social Systems perspective | Recognize positive and negative intentions
Contractual perspective | Recognize that contracts (mutually beneficial agreements of any kind) will allow intelligences to increase the welfare of both.
Universal principle of mutual respect | See how human fallibility and frailty are impacted by communication.

12.4.1.1 Uncertain Inference and the Ethics of Justice

Taking our cue from the analysis given in Chapter 11 of Piagetan stages in uncertain inference based AGI systems (such as CogPrime ), we may explore the manifestation of Kohlberg's stages in AGI systems of this nature. Uncertain inference seems generally well-suited as a declarative-ethics learning system, due to the nuanced ethical environment of real world situations. Probabilistic knowledge networks can model belief networks, imitative reinforcement learning based ethical pedagogy, and even simplistic moral maxims. In principle, they have the flexibility to deal with complex ethical decisions, including not only weighted "for the greater

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