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608 KB
Extraction Summary
2
People
2
Organizations
1
Locations
1
Events
1
Relationships
4
Quotes
Document Information
Type:
Court transcript (testimony)
File Size:
608 KB
Summary
This document is a page from a court transcript (Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE) dated August 10, 2022. It features the direct examination of an expert witness named Loftus (Dr. Elizabeth Loftus) discussing the malleability of human memory, specifically how linguistic labeling (e.g., 'incident' vs. 'fight') can alter a person's recollection of events.
People (2)
| Name | Role | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Loftus | Witness/Expert |
Providing direct testimony regarding human memory, suggestibility, and labeling.
|
| Unidentified Attorney | Interrogator (Q) |
Conducting direct examination of the witness.
|
Organizations (2)
| Name | Type | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Southern District Reporters, P.C. | ||
| DOJ |
Referenced in footer stamp DOJ-OGR
|
Locations (1)
| Location | Context |
|---|---|
|
Implied by reporter's name (likely SDNY given the case number context for Ghislaine Maxwell).
|
Relationships (1)
Q/A format in transcript header 'Loftus - direct'
Key Quotes (4)
"If it got labeled as dumbbells, people later remembered it as looking more like dumbbells."Source
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Quote #1
"label something ambiguous and it will affect people's memory for what they saw."Source
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Quote #2
"labeling something as an incident... has a different affect than when you label the thing that happened as a fight."Source
DOJ-OGR-00013989.jpg
Quote #3
"People are more likely to construct an image of a fight, probably because of that label."Source
DOJ-OGR-00013989.jpg
Quote #4
Full Extracted Text
Complete text extracted from the document (1,635 characters)
Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 761 Filed 08/10/22 Page 130 of 246 2425
LCGCmax4 Loftus - direct
LCGCmax4 Loftus - direct
1 something that could vaguely look like it might be eyeglasses
2 or whatever, very ambiguous. If it got labeled as eyeglasses,
3 people remembered it as more like eyeglasses. If it got
4 labeled as dumbbells, people later remembered it as looking
5 more like dumbbells. That's just an example of how you can
6 label something ambiguous and it will affect people's memory
7 for what they saw.
8 Q. So if two people, let's say, are having a conversation
9 concerning an event, and one of the individuals characterizes
10 it in some colorful fashion that the other one may not have
11 considered, would that be a situation where the memory might
12 become labeled?
13 A. Yes, absolutely. In one of our older studies, we found
14 that labeling something as an incident, which is really fairly
15 neutral, has a different affect than when you label the thing
16 that happened as a fight. People are more likely to construct
17 an image of a fight, probably because of that label.
18 Q. Are you familiar with the term memory traces?
19 A. Memory traces?
20 Q. Yes. Or memory fragments?
21 A. Well, I suppose that every now and then somebody might talk
22 about memory fragments. Just, you would have a bit or a piece
23 of information in your memory.
24 Q. And are you familiar with situations where someone might
25 take that bit of a memory and enhance it in some way?
2 or whatever, very ambiguous. If it got labeled as eyeglasses,
3 people remembered it as more like eyeglasses. If it got
4 labeled as dumbbells, people later remembered it as looking
5 more like dumbbells. That's just an example of how you can
6 label something ambiguous and it will affect people's memory
7 for what they saw.
8 Q. So if two people, let's say, are having a conversation
9 concerning an event, and one of the individuals characterizes
10 it in some colorful fashion that the other one may not have
11 considered, would that be a situation where the memory might
12 become labeled?
13 A. Yes, absolutely. In one of our older studies, we found
14 that labeling something as an incident, which is really fairly
15 neutral, has a different affect than when you label the thing
16 that happened as a fight. People are more likely to construct
17 an image of a fight, probably because of that label.
18 Q. Are you familiar with the term memory traces?
19 A. Memory traces?
20 Q. Yes. Or memory fragments?
21 A. Well, I suppose that every now and then somebody might talk
22 about memory fragments. Just, you would have a bit or a piece
23 of information in your memory.
24 Q. And are you familiar with situations where someone might
25 take that bit of a memory and enhance it in some way?
SOUTHERN DISTRICT REPORTERS, P.C.
(212) 805-0300
(212) 805-0300
DOJ-OGR-00013989
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