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14 With gratitude to Robert Skebo Sr. (personal communication) for pointing this out.

15 Zeng, Zhaozhi (曾昭智), Niu Zhengming (牛争鸣), and Zhang Lin (张林). “利用专利文献促进科技创新” (“Using Patent Resources to Promote Scientific and Technological Innovation”), in 技术与创新管理. Technology and Innovation Management. 2004.6. 46–48.

16 Cai, Meide (蔡美德), Du Haidong (杜海东), and Hu Guosheng (胡国胜). “反求工程原理在高职课程体系创新中的应用” (“Using the Principle of Reverse Engineering for Innovation in High-Level Knowledge Processes and Systems” ). 科技管理研究. Science and Technology Management Research. 2005.7.

17 Peng, Can (彭灿). “基于国际战略联盟的模仿创新” (“Imitative Innovation Based on International Strategic Alliances”). 科研管理. Science Research Management. 2005.2. 23–27.

18 Zhang, Ying (张莹) and Chen Guohong (陈国宏). “跨国公司在中国的技术转移问题及对策分析” (“Analysis of the Problem of Technology Transfer of Multinational Corporations in China and Measures for Dealing with It”). 科技进步与对策. Science & Technology Progress and Policy. 2001.3. 134.

19 For example, see Kingstone, Brett. The Real War Against America. Specialty Publishing/Max King. 2005.

20 Wei, Lingling and Bob Davis. “How China Systematically Pries Technology from US Companies.” Wall Street Journal. September 26, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-systematically-pries-technology-from-u-s-companies-1537972066.

21 “US Competitiveness Ranking Continues to Fall; Emerging Markets Are Closing the Gap.” World Economic Forum. September 7, 2011. http://www.weforum.org/news/us-competitiveness-ranking-continues-fall-emerging-markets-are-closing-gap.

22 “Foreign Agents Registration Act.” US Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/nsd-fara.

23 See 18 US Code § 209, available at: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/209.

24 “Homeland Security: Performance of Information System to Monitor Foreign Students and Exchange Visitors Has Improved, but Issues Remain.” General Accounting Office. GAO-04-69. June 2004. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04690.pdf. SEVIS was mandated by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 and augmented by the USA Patriot Act of 2001, Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, and the Cyber Security Research and Development Act of 2002.

25 “Student and Exchange Visitor Information System General Summary Quarterly Review.” US Immigration and Customs Enforcement. April 1, 2011. https://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/quarterly_rpt_mar2011.pdf.

26 Gruchow, Matthew, “FBI Gets Access to SEVIS.” Minnesota Daily. September 22, 2004. http://www.mndaily.com/nuevo/2004/09/22/fbi-gets-access-sevis.

27 “Homeland Security: Performance of Information System to Monitor Foreign Students and Exchange Visitors Has Improved, but Issues Remain.” General Accounting Office. GAO-04-69. June 2004. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04690.pdf.

28 For the authoritative FAQ on deemed exports, see “Deemed Exports FAQs.” US Department of Commerce. https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/policy-guidance/deemed-exports/deemed-exports-faqs.

29 “Deemed Export Controls May Not Stop the Transfer of Sensitive Technology to Foreign Nationals in the US.” US Department of Commerce Office of Inspector General. Final Inspection Report No. IPE—16176— March 2004.

30 “Revisions and Clarification of Deemed Export Related Regulatory Requirements.” Federal Register. May 31, 2006. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-05-31/pdf/E6-8370.pdf.

Technology and Research

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